Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Daniel Defoe was an extraordinary man. Although he never had the benefit of a university education, he spoke six languages and was able to read even more. His curriculum included having been a government spy, a shopkeeper, and a journalist. As the latter, he was employed by both major parties. Of course, serving two lord is impossible, so after he got into trouble with both of these parties, he turned to writing as another means of living. The first major difference between Defoe's work and most other books dating from this time is that Robinson Crusoe is really entertaining, quite exhilarating and at times even amusing to read. This is in sharp contrast to most contemporary novels which stuck to a Spartan diet of unreality and dullness, their only charm lying in the complete strangeness to anything human. Basically, most stories at the time were chronicles of wonderful, magical events, not even attempting to resemble human life at all. Robinson Crusoe was one of the first few books to have characters with whom a reader could actually identify. Therefore, it was very popular and this idea of recognition of oneself in a character in a book is nowadays only discussed when it fails, implying that it now has become a natural 'recipe' for writing any book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of today's popsongs become 'hits' due to a hook; a melodic chorus or instrumental piece which basically does not need to convey any meaning whatsoever. Its only function is to keep the listener listening. Defoe also had grasped the idea of a hook. Only his is fairly bigger, namely about 10 pages, than your average popsong-hook, which contains 4-5 words, if any... For sometimes the lyrics are degraded to a repeated monosyllabic sound. Defoe put this theory into practice in Robinson Crusoe. First, he has Robinson's father lecture him on `the middle station' which is apparently `the best state in the world.' Of course, this little section is only needed to charm his middle-class audience. By refusing his father's ideas, Robinson already seems like an ungrateful son in the eyes of the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Defoe adds more Christian morals as Robinson sinks deeper into sin. He drinks his repentance away after his first encounter with a storm, he refuses to listen to the captain who tells him 'you ought to take this for a plain and visible token that you are not to be a seafaring man.

Hate Crime Analysis

Hate Crime Analysis Terryann Lemonius AJS/542 January 21st 2013 When thinking about hate crime the first thing that would come to mind is crimes against an individual based on the color of their skin. Most often this will be between Blacks and Whites. However there are many other factors that can subject to being a victim of hate crime. This essay will aim to highlight some of these for a specific group citing specific examples of a hate crime, restorative justice models that can be applied to the group.It will also further go on to explain the benefits and challenges with the use of that particular restorative model, along with a contemporary research method that could be used to measure the victimization of this particular group. Finally an attempt will be made to link the victimization of this group with the criminological theories currently being studied. A group of people who often face hate crimes are Muslims. Although not as popular as some other forms of hate crime that frequ ent newspapers or news stations.It is also one that in some ways has become a taboo subject when it is brought up around some politicians, community leaders, and private citizens. One of the main factors that have put the Muslim community in the firing line for hate crime is the events of September 11 2001. The leaders and perpetrators behind the attacks were Muslims and as such the religion has taken a brunt of the fallout for the attacks. Statistic by the FBI in 2011 shows that 12. 5% of hate crime of a religious cont want aimed at Muslims (U. S. Department of Justice-Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2012).One example of such crime is that of Mark Stroman in 2001. Stroman on September 21st 2001 walks into a gas station and opened fire on individuals he believed were muslins and Arabs (Somanader, 2011). Stroman killed two people and seriously injured another. However, only two of Stromans victims were actually Muslims (Somanader, 2011). Stroman, after admitting his crime has since been sentenced to death by a Texas court. Another example of hate crimes against Muslims was the attack on Bashir Ahmad, who was the victim of a stabbing by an unknown assailant in November 2012.A devout Muslim, basher was attacked outside a Mosque in Queens, New York by the assailant. Bashir suffered multiple stab wounds in the attack as well as verbal abuse from the perpetrator (Chinese, 2012). Both these offense are just a few of the hate crimes against Muslims that actually get reported. There are many more examples such as these that go unreported and as such do not reflect in any statistics that exist on hate crimes against Muslims. One common thing between the two attacks is that both victims do not hold and sort of ill feeling towards their attackers.They both accept that their religion has been placed in the firing line by the action of some of the more radical believers in the religion, which is not a true depiction or representation of what the religion is about. And both have stayed steadfast and true to their religion despite the attacks. Thinking about restorative justice models that could be applied to this group one would have to lean towards education. The aim of restorative justice is to give the victims a voice and hope to stop future acts from being committed. To address the issue of hate crimes, the source of the problem must be identified.Such as what makes the group/individual a target and them work toward setting in place the necessary elements that could counteract hate crimes against them. Some of the elements include the following: * Education: By educating specific individuals and populations that ere underserved to recognize and report hate crime. As well as the educating those who commit hate crime about the religion/group they are targeting. * Assist Victims: Helping victims to identify and access services that are available to them as victims of a hate crime.These resources could be cultural or linguistic. * Advocate for communi ty: In order to reduce hate crime in the community there must be programs that advocate for the victims and the community. * Recognition: The depth of the problem must be recognized by leaders within the community and addressed accordingly through funding increase programs in the community. These are just a few ways that the Los Angeles County Commission has put forward for restoration justice for hate crimes (â€Å"The Hate Crime Victim Assistance and Advocacy Initiative†, n. ). Partnering with local police departments would also be a way to incorporate restorative justice. As with any other justice models there will be benefits and challenges. The benefits of the suggested elements above are, many will benefit from the extended knowledge provided through education. There will be an increase in understanding on the part of the victim and the offender that will hopefully reduce the hate and increase tolerance. Challenges that may arise would be how to get the two groups to si t and talk amicably.It would also be a challenge to figure out what would break the ice between the two groups that would make understanding each other much easier. In order to measure the victimization of Muslims a suggest research instrument that would be recommend is the use of qualitative and quantitative research. These could be in the form of surveys that uses both figures and in-depth question that would allow the researcher to have an idea of what percentage of the community is affected.The in depth question would further allow the researcher to determine the reasons behind the attack and the effect the attack had in the victim (Kraska & Neuman, 2008). One of the most applicable theories that could be applied to explain the victimization of this particular group is the conflict theory. Emerging from the labeling theory the conflict theory would best explain why this particular group would fit in theory. This theory aims to give minority groups a voice through the movements s uch as the civil rights movement and other movement that fought for equality (Williams & McShane, 2010).Even though this is an argument about religion, some inequality exists in the way the Muslims are treated throughout the United States. To conclude, like many other groups Muslims have the right to express and practice their religion without experiencing any repercussions. However because of the acts of a few individuals the entire Muslim community suffers. Despite the challenges that arises from attempts to find restorative justice for the victims of hate crime the courage and understanding shown to the attackers by the two victims mentioned earlier should be admired.It is also an example of how knowledge, time and education can change the minds and hearts of the most hardened offender in hate crimes as with the case of Mark Stroman, who changed his prospective on Muslims after the surviving victim from his attack fought to save him from execution (Somanader, 2011). References. W illiams, F. P. , III, & McShane, M. D. (2010). Criminological theory (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Kraska, P. B. , & Neumann, W. L. (2008). Criminal justice and criminology: Research methods. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Somanader, T. 2011). With one day left, Muslim ate crime victim tries to save his shooter from execution. Retrieved from http://www. thinkprogress. org/justice The hate Crime Victim Assistance ans Advocacy Initiative. (n. d). Retrieved from http://lahumanrelations. org/programs/hcva/hcva. htm U. S. Department of Justice-Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2012). Hate Crime Statistics, 2011. Retrieved from http://www. FBI. gov Chinese, Vera. (2012). Muslim hate crime victim who was stabbed six times in the back says he harbors no ill will against attacker. Retrieved from http://www. nydailynews. com

Substance Abuse On The Workplace - 1724 Words

Substance abuse is one of the largest growing problems in the world. In addition to the growth and wide-spread popularity of alcohol and ‘recreational drug use, the international drug trade and alcohol distribution garners tens of billions of dollars a year in both legal and illegal revenue. This simply serves as an indicator for how common drug and alcohol has become on a global scale. Although there is a portion of the worldwide population which uses substances in a moderated and controlled manner, substance abuse is becoming a prolific problem and a concern of epidemic proportion. One of the most significant issues is the increasingly common practice of drug and alcohol abuse in the workplace. Substance abuse in the workplace provides multiple ethical concerns, both from the standpoint of the employee and management. Although corporations, companies, and institutes normally have well-defined policies guiding the response procedures for suspected or known substance abuse, th ere are often deviations from practiced interventions and misinterpreted reactions to the issue. In the 21st century, drug use and substance abuse has become a leading problem in the workplace environment and is providing administrative and management leadership agencies with challenging ethical dilemmas. Aside from the safety and liability issues drug use can cause for employers, businesses and organizations, there is a growing ethical responsibility for leadership members to establish and applyShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse in the Workplace2219 Words   |  9 PagesSubstance Abuse in the Workplace: Substance abuse in the workplace has become a widespread problem as misuse of alcohol and other drugs is an epidemic in todays society. The problem of substance abuse remains a serious problem in many workplaces despite of the encouraging efforts by the local, state, and national government. As a result of the widespread and serious problem of substance abuse, especially alcohol, no workplace is immune from the practice and its effects. Notably, because of itsRead MoreWorkplace Substance Abuse723 Words   |  3 PagesI do not think that there is a precedent for this issue. I see drug use in the workplace as being a distinct issue. It is of sufficient severity to merit its own status in negotiations with unions and to have its own policies. The outcomes are severe amputation, major lawsuits and they need to be dealt with, without leaning on some obscure past precedent as a crutch. Around 75% of all illicit drug users are employed (NIDA, 2008) and that makes this a serious issue for the company, since there isRead MoreA Substance Abuse Free Workplace983 Words   |  4 PagesA SUBSTANCE ABUSE FREE WORKPLACE 1. Describe the effect of illegal or prescription drug and alcohol use in the workplace. How does this affect productivity? Today in the United States, 73% of drug users are employed, costing American businesses billions of dollars annually in lost productivity and health care costs. Studies reveal that employees who abuse drugs have a tremendously harmful effect on the workplace—they are more likely to have extended absences from work, show up lateRead MoreIntroduction Of Drugs And Alcohol Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pages Table of Contents Introduction to Drugs and Alcohol 2 Overview 2 I. Workplace Factors 3 II. Workplace Performance Behavior 4 III. Workplace Role 5 RECOMMENDATION 6 Workplace Policies and Drug Testing 7 Policy and Regulations on Alcohol and drug abuse 7 Employee Education/Health Promotion 8 Works Cited 9 â€Æ' Employer’s Guide for a Drug-free Workplace Introduction to Drugs and Alcohol In order to understand drug and alcohol use, it is important to be clear about what we mean by the termsRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Nurses Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Over the years, substance abuse in the United States has become a persistent issue affecting many individuals. In 2008, it was estimated that 17.8 million Americans over the age of 18 where substance dependent (Epstein, Burns, Conlon, 2010). Many of these individuals being affected are nurses. Ponech (2000) stated that approximately 10% of the nursing population has alcohol or drug abuse problems, and 6% has problems serious enough to interfere with their ability to practice (asRead MoreDrug Abuse On The Workplace Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Abuse in the Workplace: The human resource topic I chose to write my research paper on is â€Å"Drug Abuse in the Workplace†. Drug abuse in the workplace is something very common that many of us will encounter at some point. Alcohol and drug abuse has a major effect on employee absence and lost productively that leaves a negative working environment. It is important a company addresses the right guidelines to keep a drug free workplace. Establishing a clear and fair substance abuseRead MoreWorking Under The Influence Case Study796 Words   |  4 Pagesfine when an employee is at home, these substances have no business in the workplace. Being under the influence at work can cause accidents, less production, tardiness or absenteeism, poor decision making, theft, and much more (â€Å"Drugs†, 2015). Employers can combat these problems by utilizing drug testing programs, establishing anti-drug abuse policies, and establishing an Employee Assistance Program. One way to address drug and alcohol problems in the workplace is to utilize drug testing before hiringRead MoreDrug Free is the Way to Be1053 Words   |  4 PagesThere are employees who use or abuse drugs, legal or not, that cause interference within the workplace. According to the Human Resource Manager Eileen Esquer, from Isagenix International, when the use of drugs start to disrupt an employee’s job, they generate expensive health costs and loss of productivity for businesses. A controversial issue in the business industry is with employment drug testing. Companies that organize drug testing will provide safe working conditions. Although, employers whoRead MoreTypes Of A Medical Review Officer ( Mro ) Testing Programs And Require A Drug Lab Certified1674 Words   |  7 Pageshave been ruled in favor of these guidelines. These guidelines include having a Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluate all tests. The guidelines also identify the five specific substances for use in the Federal drug testing programs and require a drug lab certified by SAMHSA to perform the analytical test. The five substances under the SAMHSA’s guidelines are amphetamines, THC, cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine. Amphetamines include meth, speed, crank, ecstasy, and stimulant based ADD/ADHD medicationsRead MoreThe American Psychiatric Association s Dsm V ( 2013 )1702 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction As the opioid epidemic takes hold throughout American’s rural counties, public health departments are struggling to mitigate the health threats presented by substance abuse and addiction. While detailed longitudinal data is unavailable, many areas that report increased rates of drug abuse also report increased hospital admissions and accidental deaths. While the relationship between these outcomes is not explicit, it is important to implement interventions that address health issues

Writing News E.A. Poe House Museum Will Be Reopened in October

Poe Baltimore, the organization which is going to take over the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum in Baltimore, has announced the date of reopening: October 4, 2013. This does not simply mean that the old museum will be reopened – although located on the same premises and displaying most of its old exhibits, the new house museum will be considerably different from its predecessor in its approach to the topic. For example, it will pay much greater attention to the ways Poe had been connected with Baltimore and this particular house: what events took place there, how they were intertwined with his literary work and so on. Interestingly enough, the museum will try to display not only the house, but the city as well – that is, how it looked at the time Poe lived there. Ann Barton Brown, museum consultant working on this project, when asked to comment on the news, stated that their main goal is to make the visitors of this museum feel that they are transferred into the times of Edgar Allan Poe – the less of the 21st century they feel inside the house, the better. This, however, doesn’t mean that Poe Baltimore shun the high technologies in all their forms. For example, Digital Harbor School of Baltimore has assigned some of its students a project of creating a museum website until the end of July, and the project members seriously consider giving the visitors an opportunity to use credit cards (previously the museum only accepted cash). Some notable exhibits will also get back to museum, such as the lock of the writer’s hair and the telescope used by his stepfather. Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most well-known and notable American writers – although he worked in a lot of different genres (from poetry and literary criticism to mystery and science fiction), he is best known for his short stories, which, according to many experts in literature, laid the foundations of modern horror and detective genres as well as contributed greatly to the emerging science fiction genre. He is also the first American writer who was known for the fact that he made living by writing alone, without any additional jobs to support him. The results are well-known – although his life was at times difficult and he always had problems with money, nowadays he is recognized as one of the most important figures in the history of American literature who influences the modern culture even now, more than 150 years after his death. Anyway the reopening of Poe’s house museum is good news for everyone who is not indifferent to the history of literature in general and American literature in particular.

The Risk Of Legalization Of Marijuana Essay - 722 Words

The risk of Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana, as we know, is a kind of drug. According to Thompson (2015), marijuana is not only one kind of drug, but also can be used as a medicinal material. The reason it can be a medicinal substance is that marijuana has a curative affect of relieving pain. Despite different states having a variety of regulations about the usage of marijuana, there is always one rule that is unified, which is the medicinal usage of marijuana must be approved by the FDA—the US Food and Drug Administration. Based on the current status, due to the fact that the researches about its effects on human bodies is not enough, the FDA has not implemented the medicinal marijuana to be used. With the increased attention on marijuana among the public, the legalization of marijuana was gradually put on the agenda. After researching and understanding of the background, I would like to say that marijuana legalization will bring us more disadvantages than the benefits. F rom the study, â€Å"Medical Marijuana in Neurology† (Benbadis, Sanchez-Ramos, Bozorg, Giarratano, Kalidas, Katzin, Robertson, Vu, Smith, Zesiewicz, 2014), one of the effects of marijuana is analgesia.Known from common sense and the basic knowledge of biology, pain is conveyed by the nerves. Since marijuana can relieve pain, it also means that those who takes the drug may have their nervous system suppressed or delayed. If marijuana becomes legalized, which can also be considered as a legitimate form ofShow MoreRelatedWeed Be Better Off Without Marijuana1728 Words   |  7 PagesBetter Off Without Marijuana Dope, Mary Jane, Pot, Grass, Weed, Blunt, Joint, and Nuggets are only a few of the countless names for marijuana, a narcotic drug used for recreational and sometimes medicinal uses across the world. Recently growing enough popularity among younger generations due to the glamorization of media, and the overwhelming financial gains through taxes and fees seen in Colorado, have caused Ohio legislators and citizens to consider the idea of legalizing marijuana for both recreationalRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthat plague American society, the issue over the legalization of Marijuana remains as one of the most controversial topics. Marijuana, also known as Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to national surveys conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), â€Å"marijuana use rose from 4.1 percent to 9.5 percent of the U.S. adult population in the past decade.† The increase of Marijuana use created an ongoing debate over whether it shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesconstitution allowing for the legalization of medical marijuana. However, the amount of licensed medical marijuana card holders was small until 2009, when the U.S Attorney General gave the prosecution and legalization of marijuana over to the states. After this, the number of medical marijuana licenses increased greatly in Colorado. Then, in 2012, the sale of recreational marijuana was legalized in Colorado, to all those over the age of 21, and retail stores began selling marijuana in 2014 (Monte). PublicRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized For The Best Of Society?1742 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana is one of the most controversial discussions to consider in various countries due to the numerous debates between citizens to legalize or criminalize the drug for the best of society. In countries such as Colombia, Netherlands, and vari ous states in United States (Colorado, Washington, and Oregon), marijuana is legalized for recreational and medical purposes, which is obtainable to all citizens. However, in countries such as Canada, marijuana remains illegal for recreational use, whichRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1232 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The possession, use, cultivation, transportation, and sale of marijuana are illegal under the federal law in the United States. However, the federal government announced that states are allowed to pass a law to legalize marijuana for medical and recreational use, provided that they develop a system to regulate the activities. Under the Controlled Substances Act, passed in 1970, Marijuana is classified as a substance of schedule 1, the highest listing under the legislation. The classificationRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1601 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of Marijuana is considered illegal in most of the states of the United States. Washington, Oregon, Colorado and Alaska legalized the use of Marijuana for medical and recreational purposes. Montana, Nevada, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois, New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, Delaware, New Jersey and Hawaii have legalized Marijuana for medical purposes o nly, the rest of the states have no laws legalizing marijuana (Governing)Read MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1617 Words   |  7 Pages1113 2 December 2014 Legalization of marijuana According to Wikipedia, marijuana is a name for cannabis plant and a drug preparation made from it. Commonly it is named as cannabis, bud or weed, pot or ganja. I have found marijuana to be one of the most controversial things in United States. Not necessarily is marijuana controversial, the views related with the legalization of this thing are truly dubious. 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Smoking the plant was a popular thing in the sixties when hippies protested for peace, love, and being one with oneself. There are other instances where hemp is used in making cleaning products. Some people use the drug for medicalRead MoreThe Legalization Of Recreational Marijuana1645 Words   |  7 PagesThe legalization of recreational marijuana has recently been a widely debated topic, especially since medical marijuana was legalized in several states. Critics say that cannabis is a Class I drug that has both negative health effects and behavior effects. However, there is minimal evidence to support these claims, and none of the benefits of marijuana ar e taken into consideration when the arguments are made. The possession and use of recreational marijuana should be legalized in the United States

Outline the Key Principles of Natural Law Free Essays

Jamshed Masjedi Outline the key principles of Natural Law Let’s start off with a definition of Natural Law: a moral code existing with a purpose of nature, created by God. Aristotle theory of purpose inspired St Thomas Aquinas to develop his idea of Natural Law to present a rational basis for Christian morality. Aquinas developed an absolute and deontological theory which states that certain acts are innately right or wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline the Key Principles of Natural Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Natural Law directs people to their great purpose, and can be deduced through reason. Good acts are those which enable humans to fulfil their purpose, and are in unity with the primary precepts. Through Aristotle’s idea that everything has a purpose (theory of causality) and we have a purpose to do good and avoid evil and seek happiness and fulfilment in life (eudaimonia), Aquinas started by trying to work out what the purpose of human life was. Aquinas developed the primary precepts which follow from this idea. The Primary precepts are connected with preservation of life, reproduction, education, living in a society and worshipping God. These Primary precepts can then be developed into secondary precepts as practical human rules that govern our daily behaviour. For example from preservation of life, one could argue someone who is in desperate need of organs or bloods would be correct. This could lead to a secondary precept of you donating your organ(s) to saves lives of other. Another example is about reproduction linking it genetic engineering with Natural Law suggesting that humans have an essential nature and manipulating it, through genetic engineering, is conflicting to the natural order of things and so is wrong. Aquinas developed four kinds of law: eternal, natural, human, and divine. Eternal law is humans being not being able to know gods intention. Natural law is humans with a natural sense and the discovery of reason. Human law is some sort of man-made law with the natural law supplied by the government to the societies, and divine law is the specially revealed law in the scriptures. The main aspect of Natural Law theory is that it relies heavily on reason. It can be discovered by anyone, regardless of any religious alignment. For this reason it is universal and not a relativist argument but an absolutist argument. Reason is used in order to establish how we should live our lives. We use our reason to fulfil the requirements of the primary precepts and therefore to achieve our aim of doing good and avoiding evil. If everything is created for a purpose, human reasoning in examining that purpose is able to judge how to act in order to conform to that purpose. Thus, the role of reason plays a huge part as Aquinas states â€Å"To disparage the dictate of reason is equivalent to condemning the command of God. Hence, humans shouldn’t be trapped by their desires and that the duty of a Christian is alike to the duty of an atheist or agnostic. Reason is the superlative human asset that ultimately separates us from animals. However, if human reasoning is misguided it could lead us to the wrong moral choices such as following ‘apparent goods’ which could leads away from Natural Law rather followi ng ‘real goods. ’ An example of an ‘apparent good’ is getting drunk or taking drugs as it seems like we are doing a good thing in the short term however, on the long term, it’s not. Or as a rather deeper example, perhaps we can consider that Hitler with his misguided belief about Jews, seeking an apparent good to remove them, in the end, it wasn’t such a wise move. Jamshed Masjedi For Aquinas, both the intention and the act are important. According to Aquinas, God knows the secrets of our hearts and thus, our actions must be interior rather than exterior. The purpose behind an act gets recorded. For example we should help an elderly person cross the road because it is the honest thing to do not because to gain admiration of others i. . someone watching nearby. It is said that if humans act towards this way, it’s said that god is glorified. Is this theory relevant to the 21st century? Many theories have been created 10 years ago, 100 years ago or 1000 years ago that still shape and dictate our society today, since it’s the 21st century, many theories have been developed and improved, but as far as questioning the theory of natural law and ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s standing, it’s a theory holding major significance around the world today. For example the Roman Catholic Church supports the theory with them making the primary precepts into absolute rule thus, meaning no room for negotiation. Natural Law has many benefits to society and for individuals. Since it’s an absolutist argument, it provides moral foundation to rules with clear guidance at all times. Most individuals are in favour of Natural Law because it offers a universal code. Most people believe in preserving life, education etc. On the Flip side, Natural Law theory cannot seem to get at certain individuals. It relies to use reason correctly, however, it is fair to say that we do not all have the same ability to reason. If we do, everyone can come up with the same conclusions and decide what’s right and wrong. The precepts are to be looked when one finds them in a situation, but this also is disputed. Homosexuality is a common example of something that Natural moral Law is unable to provide a succinct response to. Furthermore, in modern forms Natural Law does not allow room for negotiation because the Roman Catholic Church has made the secondary precepts into absolute rules. The book of Genesis seems befuddling with Natural Law. It’s inconsistent with the story of the Fall. Genesis 3 teaches that that human reason was separated from God Through sin. Thus, if our reason is corrupt then how can we deduce God’s purpose? Society can never guarantee people’s safety but with the theory of Natural law, it’s open in arms for offering protection, therefore will always be relevant. Furthermore, natural law is a good guide for the believers in God. Natural law will provide an instructive and dependable guide to moral behaviour. The Roman Catholics Church is in favour of Aquinas’s brilliant knowledge of reasoning in the Natural law. What’s more, Aquinas himself was a Catholic and so, some might question from whom is it relevant to? It can hardly be claimed that Natural Law ethics is irrelevant to Roman Catholics. Linking to situation ethics, Natural Law would be helpful when making a logical decision depending on the situation a person’s in and with its deontological and absolutist status, it would also create guidelines to follow for all especially for individuals or societies wanting the absolute right and wrong. Due to the adaptation in the 21st century, the Natural Law theory is always going to be controversial. I think the most usual criticism for during our time is that it may be too inflexible over major issues. There is no direct reference to issues, for example like abortion or euthanasia. Others might argue that the theory is too old and other types or similar systems of ethics are better that the Natural Law theory. For example, if Aquinas could have been wrong about the primary precepts, he could have also been wrong about the secondary precepts. Finally, I believe this could be the strongest negative assessment of Natural Law, is that this God-based ethic may no longer be relevant to, what is an increasingly secular society. On the whole, I believe that taking both arguments in on the balance, Natural Law has become not irrelevant, but less relevant, because the modern definition of human nature is much wider than that offered by Aquinas. Natural law is based purely on deductive, rational reasoning. This makes it an objective theory, it is not open to interpretation – should everyone reason correctly we should all come to the same conclusions about what is right and what is wrong. We can see this in action around the world, with many societies sharing common beliefs about morality – this is strength of the theory since there is evidence of a common system of morality in place, although that is not to say the universal theory is natural law Natural Moral laws relies on our ability to reason correct, that is to use casuistry to deduce the correct action based on how it fits in with our precepts. However, it is fair to say that we do not all have the same ability to reason. Whilst Aquinas maintained that all humans were equal he did say that some were better at reasoning than others and therefore we should practice our logical skills so that they become habitual. This is fine to an extent, but if we were to encounter a totally alien situation we would have no prior experience to draw reference from, and so our ability to decide the right course of action would come down to our individual ability to reason correctly In such a situation we should stick to the precepts; since they are logically sound, but even these can be ambiguous. Homosexuality is a classic example of something natural moral is not able to provide a succinct response to. On the one hand we can say since homosexuality doesn’t lead to procreation, and so it is a misuse of humangenitalia, but on the other hand we can say that since it is pleasurable, that pleasure is there for a reason. How to cite Outline the Key Principles of Natural Law, Papers

Clustering and Opinion Mining

Question: Discuss about the Clustering and Opinion Mining. Answer: Introduction Owing to social medias massive popularity, currently business organizations are using social media tool as a medium to promote business and commerce in the form of advertisements and promotional videos. As a result, the companies have been able to reach to more people all over the world (Chen Zhao, 2012). Moreover, due to the interactions in the social media, many companies have also joined together for collaborative ventures in the field of commerce. This report mainly emphasizes on the development of social media and the business collaborations that have grown from the social media. Social Media and Business Collaboration Projects Social medium is referred to the websites that are specifically designed to create friendships between people all over the world. With the progress of digitalization and virtualization in the modern era, people sought after some kind of medium that would enable them to stay connected to each other even though they are far apart (Aral, Dellarocas Godes, 2013). In order to make up for this need, developers started designing some websites that would enable people to connect to each other in form of text messages, photos, videos and others. Thus, developers started developing some websites and Orkut, Facebook, Twitter and other popular websites came into existence. Every year, the number of subscribers of these websites started rising and currently, almost one-third of the worlds population are connected to social media. This also resulted in development of online business promotions and collaboration projects grew up between many companies. The arrival of Web 2.0 in the first decade of the 21st century quickened the development of social networking sites. Web 2.0 destinations are those that permit ease of use of client produced content. This permitted cooperation and coordinated effort amongst people and associations over the web utilizing exchanges of words as a part of a virtual domain. Communication may be in type of trade of assessments in discoursed, production of hypothesis and its input in a blog, and so forth (Anjaria Guddetti, 2013). Cambria et al. (2013) researched on the development of social media and its effects on business promotions and collaborations projects and they prepared some basic models. One of the models was based on etymological investigation and was proposed by Liu (2012) and the other accentuated on the examination of technical learning strategies. Attributable to enormous ubiquity of a medium, specifically the social media, it has rapidly turned into a subject of research for the cooperation examiners and sentiment miners (Khan, Atique Thakare, 2015). Social networking is a miniaturized scale blogging website, where a feeling from a specific individual must be communicated in a basic dialect and in a little size. The miniaturized scale blogging stage goes about as a noteworthy wellspring of individuals' sentiment. This is on account of, these days, general mass, lawmakers, sportsmen, big names alike utilize social media and all express their assessments or perspectives over a specific subject through social media. Huge quantities of posts are made in social media consistently, and henceforth, accumulation of a specific information turns into a troublesome errand. In this way, use of mechanized information accumulation framework gets to be vital (Maynard, Bontcheva Rout, 2012). Genuine uses of association examination have been the primary reason of development for different enterprises. Organizations got orders for a specific item, client criticisms and conclusions for further advancement of the organization through the web-based social networking. Development and thriving of organizations like Microsoft, HP, Google and a few others gave inspiration to further research of collaboration examination on the social networking (Liu, 2012). Other than these genuine applications, a few research papers were distributed amid different periods, which were situated on application-based investigation. Connection investigations can be utilized for forecast of offers result, rank traders and items, or even expectation of consequences of an open decision (Maynard, Bontcheva Rout, 2012). Social networking examination gives the pattern of political angle inside general mass. Currently, business organizations are using social medium as a place to promote business and commerce in the form of advertisements and promotional videos. Due to the interactions in the social media, many companies have also joined together for collaborative ventures in the field of commerce. For example, according to a popular case study (Aral, Dellarocas Godes, 2013), Toronto-based Goldcorp, a gold mining firm, looked for another way to deal with discovering gold stores on their 55,000-section of land Red Lake, Ontario property. With examiners trusting that the fifty-year old property had been purged, high creation costs, work strikes and waiting obligation, the firm was frantic to discover new life. Without choices, CEO Rob McEwan made the Goldcorp Challenge whereby he put each bit of data about the property on the web for all members to download, concentrate on and submit suggestions. More than 1000 members from more than 50 nations joined to take care of Goldcorp's issue. Entries originated from a different gathering of members, numerous not prepared in geography. This open-source advancement sequence ended up being significant recognizing 110 targets worth more than $3 billion. Another well-known example can be stated as follows (Aral, Dellarocas Godes, 2013). In mid-2007 IBM made Beehive, an inner informal organization to associate representatives around the world. The system picked up force and backings 30,000 representatives. Every worker can include a bio page, photographs and interface with representatives from other IBM workplaces around the globe. What is fascinating about Beehive is the way the representatives utilize the inner system. There are three particular classifications of utilization. The first is to interface with representatives they meet at meetings or when chipping away at interdepartmental or between divisional tasks. The system gives a component to remain associated and become more acquainted with different workers and their range of skill. The second utilize is to pick up venture support and conceptualize with others on how best to finish a venture. The associations give a cooperation channel to elevate the venture to others and accumulate thoughts from other individuals at various levels. Another common example of collaboration project through social media is collaboration between Facebook and Workplace. Facebook is a social networking site where users can contact with each other over the virtual interface whereas Workplace is a social medium site that mainly deals with job openings for all the users. At some point in the second decade of 21st century, Facebook noticed the prospect of Workplace and started collaboration with the company in the name of Workplace by Facebook. The move was immediately popular and the number of Workplace subscribers rose significantly. These examples depict some collaboration projects as conducted by some popular companies. Following these examples, more social media sites were developed (e.g. LinkedIn) that created direct connections between business organizations so that the promotional activities do not get hidden among normal social connection activities (Lpez, Tejada Thelwall, 2012). As a result, more companies came together and started collaborating with each for conducting large scale projects. In 2016, two popular social media websites Facebook and WhatsApp collaborated with each other and started functioning together as one company. Even more social media sites also came together for collaboration that ultimately resulted in development of business and popularity of the sites. In spite of all the popularity of social media in the field of business and commerce, it itself presents several challenges to the business interactions analysis research. First, deviation of discussion from the main topic and use of irrelevant comments, often non-suitable for young viewers, poses a major threat to the study. Because of this particular problem, some contents cannot be shown to some viewers, and a definite general opinion cannot be evaluated (Petz et al., 2013). To get rid of this problem, several classifier personnel should be trained to classify comments and remove irrelevant ones. Clustering opinions regarding same topic can also be done to remove unwanted comments. Secondly, using the search function of the website may not always bring desired results. This happens when several discussions have been conducted on very similar topics and when searching for one particular discussion using search operator, all the discussions are presented (Nakov et al., 2013). This p roblem can be solved by using an approach that is entity specific. That is, a search can be made on a specific entity and then finding relevant discussions on that entity. Thirdly, another important threat is negation. According to Liu (2012), researchers cannot handle negative opinion properly when there is no proper definition of the amount of negativity. Subtle differences between two different usages of the same word can be hard to analyze in a suitable manner. Fourthly, use of some high-level world knowledge, which might not be accessible to all users, poses a threat of confusion within a media discussion. For example, one may compare to one real world entity to a fictional character, which in spite of being popular, might not be a part of knowledge of some other discussion member (Selvan Moh, 2015). On the contrary, this can be useful to some extent, as it may increase stock of knowledge of an individual and sometimes, provides important information not known to some. Finally, there are few points to be noted. Use of social media as a medium for business collaboration or collaboration projects is a very good idea as it gives the small and medium sized organizations more global exposure (Kim Kim, 2014). With this global exposure, the companies can grow easily. Again, collaboration projects also benefits both the companies and hence, one company can have the share of profit from the other companys prospects. This is how, a small company can grow and one day become a large multinational business organization (Cooper, 2013). However, there are some issues as well. These issues include security issues and fraud cases that severely damage a business organization. There are many fake companies available in the social media that take advantage of the collaborating companys trust and steal confidential files, money or even identity of the company (Zhou et al., 2015). Hence, verification and cross-checking is necessary before starting collaboration with an other company through social media. Conclusion From the report, a number of things can be concluded regarding the existence of large collaboration projects that have been possible only because of the existence of the social media. Before concluding about the collaboration projects, it is clear that social medium is currently an inseparable part of business of the large business organizations. Owing to the massive popularity of social media, currently large business and ecommerce organizations are using social medium as a place to promote business and commerce in the form of advertisements and promotional videos. As a result, the companies have been able to reach to more people all over the world. Moreover, due to the interactions in the social media, many companies have also joined together for collaborative ventures in the field of commerce. As a result of promotions through social media websites, many well know business organizations like IBM, Goldcorp collaborated with other organizations to complete some large scale projects in their business fields. Recommendations As a result of the study, some recommendations can be prepared for further increasing the collaborative projects in the future. These are as follows. Collaboration and Promotion More business organizations (small and medium sized) should use social media as a medium for promoting business. These will allow other companies to know more about them and some of the companies may choose to collaborate with them for executing some projects. Legitimacy Before starting collaboration with any another company, one organization must check its legitimacy and business history as there are already numerous fraud companies present in the social media. Security Use of social media should be limited to certain extent in order to maintain security of the organizations server system. As there are many security threats lurking in the social media, it is best to use them with strong security measures. Internal Details The business organizations that are looking for collaborative projects in the social media should only share the essential details of the organization. The business strategies should never be disclosed in the social media. References Anjaria, M. Guddeti, R.M.R. (2014), January. Influence factor based opinion mining of Twitter data using supervised learning. InCommunication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS), 2014 Sixth International Conference on(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issue-social media and business transformation: A framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), 3-13. Cambria, E., Schuller, B., Xia, Y. Havasi, C. (2013). 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